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Senin, 25 Juli 2011

The verb Phrase


 As mentioned in item before, the verb phrase consists of the main verb and any auxiliaries.

TENSES AND ASPECTS:
Simple present – He walks to school everyday
Simple past – he walked to school yesterday.
Present progressive (continuous) – He is walking to school now.
Past progressive (continuous) – He was walking to school when he saw Jane.
Present perfect – He has walked to school several times.
Past perfect – He had walked to school before he hurt his foot.

Given here is a list of some of common irregular verbs in English. It is very important that you know whether a verb is regular or irregular. You will notice that regular verbs are the same in the past tense and past participle; however, irregular verbs are very often different in these forms

Simple present tense
Simple Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Beating
Begin
Began
Begun
Beginning
Bind
Bound
Bound
Binding
Bite
Bit
Bit
Biting
Blow
Blew
Blown
Blowing
Break
Broke
Broken
Breaking
Bring
Brought
Brought
Bringing
Build
Built
Built
Building
Buy
Bought
Bought
Buying
Catch
Caught
Caught
Catching
Choose
Chose
Chose
Choosing
Do
Did
Done
Doing
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Drinking
Drive
Drove
Driven
Driving
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Eating
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Falling
Feel
Felt
Felt
Feeling
Find
Found
Found
Finding
Fly
Flew
Flown
Flying
Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Forgetting
Get
Got
Gotten
Getting
Give
Gave
Given
Giving
Hear
Heard
Heard
Hearing
Hide
Hid
Hidden
Hiding
Keep
Kept
Kept
Keeping
Know
Knew
Known
Knowing
Lead
Led
Led
Leading
Leave
Left
Left
Leaving
Lose
Lost
Lost
Losing
Make
Made
Made
Making
Pay
Paid
Paid
Paying
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Riding
Run
Ran
Run
Running
Say
Said
Said
Saying
See
Saw
Seen
Seeing
Sell
Sold
Sold
Selling
Send
Sent
Sent
Sending
Sing
Sang
Sung
Singing
Sink
Sank
Sunk
Sinking
Sit
Sat
Sat
Sitting
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Speaking
Spend
Spent
Spent
Spending
Stand
Stood
Stood
Standing
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Stealing
Strive
Strove
(strived)
Striven
(strived)
Striving
Swim
Swam
Swum
Swimming
Take
Took
Taken
Taking
Teach
Taught
Taught
Teaching
Tear
Tore
Torn
Tearing
Tell
Told
Told
Telling
Think
Thought
Thought
Thinking
Throw
Threw
Thrown
Throwing
Understand
understood
Understood
Understanding
Wear
Wore
Worn
Wearing

You should also know that there is no change in the following verbs to indicate the different tenses.

Simple Present Tense
Simple Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle
Bet
Bet
Bet
Betting
Bid
Bid
Bid
Bidding
Cost
Cost
Cost
Costing
Cut
Cut
Cut
Cutting
Fit
Fit
Fit
Fitting
Hit
Hit
Hit
Hitting
Put
Put
Put
Putting
Quit
Quit
Quit
Quitting
Read
Read
Read
Reading
Shut
Shut
Shut
Shutting
Spread
Spread
Spread
Spreading

Note: Read is pronounced differently in the past tense and participle, but is spelled the same


SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
This tense is usually not used to indicate present time. However, it is used to indicate present time (now) with the following stative verb:
Know
Hear
Smell
Understand
Love
Want
Have
Appear
Taste
Believe
See
Wish
Hate
Like
Sound
Need
seem
Own
Note: the verbs listed above are almost never used in the present or past progressive (continuous), although it is possible in some cases.

Simple present is used to indicate a regular or habitual action
Example:
John walks to school every day.

Examples of simple present tense:
They understand the problem now.             (stative verb)
Henry always swims in the evening.            (Habitual action)
We want to leave now.                                (stative verb)
The Coffee tastes delicious.                         (stative verb)
Mark usually walks to school.                      (Habitual action)
Your cough sounds bad.                              (stative verb)


PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)
Use the following rule to form the present progressive.



Am


Subject
+
Is
+
[verb + ing]


Are



The present progressive is used to indicate present time (now) with all but the stative verbs listed previously.
John is eating dinner now.
It is also used to indicate future time.
We are leaving for the theater at seven o’clock

Examples of present progressive:
The committee members are examining the material now                  (present time)
George is leaving for France tomorrow                                              (future time)
Henry is walking to school tomorrow                                                 (future time)
The president is trying to contact his advisors now                            (present time)
The secretary is typing the letter now                                                 (present time)
We are flying to Venezuela next month                                             (future time)

EXERCISE 1
Choose either the simple present or present progressive in the following sentences.
  1. Something……………(smell) very good.
  2. We………………..(eat) dinner at seven o’clock tonight.
  3. He……………….(practice) the piano every day.
  4. They……………..(drive) to school tomorrow.
  5. I………………..(believe) you.
  6. Maria……………(have) a cold
  7. Jorge…………..(swim) right now.
  8. John…………….(hate) smoke.
  9. Jill always………….(get) up at 6.00 A.M
  10. Jerry……………….(mow) the lawn now.


SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The simple past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. The italicized words are important because they show that simple past is not the same as past progressive or present perfect.

John Went to Spain Last year.
Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.
Maria did her homework last night.
Mark washed the dishes after dinner.
We drove to the grocery store this afternoon.
George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

PAST PROGRESSIVE (continuous)
Use the following rule to form the past progressive
Subject
+
Am
+
[verb + ing]
Is

The past progressive is used to indicate:
(1)   An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action. In this case, the general rule is:

When + subject 1 + simple past tense + subject 2 + past progressive
OR
Subject 1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + past progressive
Examples:
When Mark came home, Martha was watching television
                                                or
Martha was watching television when Mark came home.

(2)   Two actions occurring at the same time in the past. In this case, the following rules usually apply.

Subject 1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive
OR
While + subject 1 + Past progressive + subject 2 + past progressive

Example:
Martha was watching television while John was reading a book.
OR
While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television.

Note: the following construction is also possible, but it is not as common as the preceding two.
While + subject + past progressive + subject 2 + simple past
Example:
While Martha was watching television, John read a book
(3)   An action which was occurring at some specific time in the past.
Examples:
Martha was watching television at seven o’clock last night
What were you doing at one o’clock this afternoon?

Examples of past progressive:
John was walking to class when he lost his pen.
The student was reading while the professor was speaking.
George was watching television when his brother called.
Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night.
When Mary came home, her husband was cooking dinner.
Mark was driving on Main Street when his car broke down.

EXERCISE 2
Use either the simple past tense or the past progressive in the following sentences as appropriate.
  1. Gene…………….(eat) dinner when his friend called.
  2. While Maria was cleaning the apartment, her husband……………..(sleep).
  3. At three o’clock this morning, Eleanor………………(study).
  4. When Mark arrived, the Johnsons……………(have) dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.
  5. John…………….(go) to France last year.
  6. When the teacher……….……..(enter) the room, the students were talking
  7. While Joan was writing the report, Henry………………(look) for more information
  8. We……………(see) this movie last night.
  9. At one time, Mr. Roberts………………(own) this building.
  10. Jose…………….(write) a letter to his family when his pencil……………..(break).


PRESENT PERFECT

Use the following rule to form the present perfect.

Subject
+
Has
+
[verb in past participle]
Have

The present perfect is used to indicate:
1.      An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
Example:
John Has traveled around the world (we don’t know when)
2.      An action that happened more than once in the past
Example:
George has seen this movie three times.
3.      An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present
Example:
John has lived in the same house for twenty years. (he still lives there)
OR
John has lived in the same house since 1962. (he still lives there)

For/since
Use for + duration of time (for five hours, for thirty years, for ten minutes). Use since + beginning time (since 1972, since five o’clock, since January).
Yet/already
This adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasn’t happened) at an unspecified time in the past. These adverbs are often used with the present perfect.

Already – affirmative sentences
Yet – negative sentences and question
Note: already usually appears between the auxiliary and the main verb; however, it can appear at the beginning or end of the sentence. Yet appears at the end of the sentence.

Subject
+
Has
+
Already +
[verb in past participle]
Have

Subject
+
Has
+
not + [verb in past participle]
+ yet
Have

Examples of yet and already:
We have already written our reports.
We haven’t written our reports yet.
Gabriel has already read the entire book.
The president hasn’t decided what to do yet.
Sam has already recorded the result of the experiment.
Maria hasn’t called her parents yet.

Note: Another option with the use of yet is sometimes possible. In this case, the verb is positive and the adverb yet does not appear at the end of the sentence.

Subject
+
Has
+
yet +
[verb in infinitive]
Have

Examples:
John has yet to learn the material = John hasn’t learned the material yet
We have yet to decide what to do with the money = we haven’t decided what to do with the money yet.


PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

For category (3), the present perfect rules only, it is also possible to use the present perfect continuous. Use the following rule to form this aspect.

Subject
+
Has
+
been
[verb + Ing]
Have

John has been living in the same house for twenty years = John has lived in the same hours for twenty years.

Examples of present perfect:
Jorge has already walked to school                                  (indefinite time)
He has been to California three times.                              (more than once)
John has worked in Washington for three years               (not yet completed)
John has working in Washington for three years              (not yet completed)
Marry has seen this movie before                                     (indefinite time)
They have been at home all day                                        (not yet complete)
We haven’t gone to the store yet                                      (indefinite time)

EXERCISE 3
Use either the present perfect or the simple past in the following sentences.
  1. John…………..(write) his report last night
  2. Bob……………...(see) this movie before
  3. Jorge………………(read) the newspaper already
  4. Mr. Johnson…………….(work) in the same place for thirty-five years
  5. We……....(begin; negative) to study for the test yet.
  6. George………….(go) to the store at ten o’clock this morning
  7. Joan……………..(travel) around the world
  8. Betty…………….(write) a letter last night
  9. Guillermo…………..(call) his employer yesterday
  10. We…………….(see; negative) this movie yet


PAST PERFECT

Use this following rule to form the past perfect.
Subject
+
had
+
[verb in past participle]

The past perfect is used to indicate:
(1)   An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two action in the sentence.

Example
John had gone to the store before he went home
               1st action                                               2nd action

Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970
       2nd action                                       1st action

The past perfect is usually used with the adverbs before, after, or when. Study this formula
Subject + past perfect + before + subject + simple past tense
Example:
John had gone to the store before he went home

Subject + simple past tense + after + subject + past perfect

Examples:
John went home after he had gone to the store

Before + subject + simple past tense + subject + past perfect
Example:
Before John went home, he had gone to the store

After + subject + past perfect + subject + simple past tense
Example:
After John had gone to the store, he went home

Note: the adverb when can be used in place of before or after in any of these four formulas without change in meaning. We still know which action happened first because of the use of past perfect.

(2)   A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now. This is similar to rule number (3) for present perfect, but in this case, there is no connection with the present.
Example:
Abdu had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to California.


PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)
For category (2) of past perfect only, we can also use the past perfect progressive (continuous). Study the following rule:
Subject + had + been + [verb + ing]

Example:
Abdu had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

Other examples of past perfect
The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.
After Henry had visited Puerto Rico, He went to St. Thomas.
Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.
George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.
Or
George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired
After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal
The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.

EXERCISE 4
1.      The policeman read the suspect his rights after he…………….(arrest) him
2.      after John……………(wash) his clothes, he began to study
3.      George……………(wait) for one hour before the bus came.
4.      Maria…………….(enter) the university after she had graduated from the community college
5.      Jeanette…………..(wash) the pipettes after she had completed the experiment.
6.      Jane sent a letter to her university after she……………(receive) her scholarship check.
7.      After the stewardesses had served lunch to the passengers, they…………..(sit) down.
8.      The car……………(flip) ten times before it landed on its roof
9.      We corrected our papers after we……………(take) the quiz.
10.  John……………(live) in Miami for one year when his parents came to visit.


Based on: M. A. Pyle and M. E. Munoz (1985). Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide. Singapore: John Willey and Sons